# Vector Frames¶

The class VectorFrame implements vector frames on differentiable manifolds. By vector frame, it is meant a field $$e$$ on some differentiable manifold $$U$$ endowed with a differentiable map $$\Phi: U \rightarrow M$$ to a differentiable manifold $$M$$ such that for each $$p\in U$$, $$e(p)$$ is a vector basis of the tangent space $$T_{\Phi(p)}M$$.

The standard case of a vector frame on $$U$$ corresponds to $$U = M$$ and $$\Phi = \mathrm{Id}_M$$. Other common cases are $$\Phi$$ being an immersion and $$\Phi$$ being a curve in $$M$$ ($$U$$ is then an open interval of $$\RR$$).

A derived class of VectorFrame is CoordFrame; it regards the vector frames associated with a chart, i.e. the so-called coordinate bases.

The vector frame duals, i.e. the coframes, are implemented via the class CoFrame. The derived class CoordCoFrame is devoted to coframes deriving from a chart.

AUTHORS:

• Eric Gourgoulhon, Michal Bejger (2013-2015): initial version
• Travis Scrimshaw (2016): review tweaks

REFERENCES:

EXAMPLES:

Setting a vector frame on a 3-dimensional manifold:

sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
sage: c_xyz.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
sage: e = M.vector_frame('e') ; e
Vector frame (M, (e_0,e_1,e_2))
sage: latex(e)
\left(M, \left(e_0,e_1,e_2\right)\right)


The first frame defined on a manifold is its default frame; in the present case it is the coordinate frame defined when introducing the chart c_xyz:

sage: M.default_frame()
Coordinate frame (M, (d/dx,d/dy,d/dz))


The default frame can be changed via the method set_default_frame():

sage: M.set_default_frame(e)
sage: M.default_frame()
Vector frame (M, (e_0,e_1,e_2))


The elements of a vector frame are vector fields on the manifold:

sage: [e[i] for i in M.irange()]
[Vector field e_0 on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
Vector field e_1 on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
Vector field e_2 on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M]


Each element can be accessed by its index:

sage: e[0]
Vector field e_0 on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M


The index range depends on the starting index defined on the manifold:

sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', start_index=1)
sage: c_xyz.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
sage: e = M.vector_frame('e')
sage: [e[i] for i in M.irange()]
[Vector field e_1 on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
Vector field e_2 on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
Vector field e_3 on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M]
sage: e[1], e[2], e[3]
(Vector field e_1 on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
Vector field e_2 on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
Vector field e_3 on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M)


Let us check that the vector fields e[i] are the frame vectors from their components with respect to the frame $$e$$:

sage: e[1].comp(e)[:]
[1, 0, 0]
sage: e[2].comp(e)[:]
[0, 1, 0]
sage: e[3].comp(e)[:]
[0, 0, 1]


Defining a vector frame on a manifold automatically creates the dual coframe, which bares the same name (here $$e$$):

sage: M.coframes()
[Coordinate coframe (M, (dx,dy,dz)), Coframe (M, (e^1,e^2,e^3))]
sage: f = M.coframes()[1] ; f
Coframe (M, (e^1,e^2,e^3))


Each element of the coframe is a 1-form:

sage: f[1], f[2], f[3]
(1-form e^1 on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
1-form e^2 on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
1-form e^3 on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M)
sage: latex(f[1]), latex(f[2]), latex(f[3])
(e^1, e^2, e^3)


Let us check that the coframe $$(e^i)$$ is indeed the dual of the vector frame $$(e_i)$$:

sage: f[1](e[1]) # the 1-form e^1 applied to the vector field e_1
Scalar field e^1(e_1) on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: f[1](e[1]).expr() # the explicit expression of e^1(e_1)
1
sage: f[1](e[1]).expr(), f[1](e[2]).expr(), f[1](e[3]).expr()
(1, 0, 0)
sage: f[2](e[1]).expr(), f[2](e[2]).expr(), f[2](e[3]).expr()
(0, 1, 0)
sage: f[3](e[1]).expr(), f[3](e[2]).expr(), f[3](e[3]).expr()
(0, 0, 1)


The coordinate frame associated to spherical coordinates of the sphere $$S^2$$:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'S^2', start_index=1) # Part of S^2 covered by spherical coord.
sage: c_spher.<th,ph> = M.chart(r'th:[0,pi]:\theta ph:[0,2*pi):\phi')
sage: b = M.default_frame() ; b
Coordinate frame (S^2, (d/dth,d/dph))
sage: b[1]
Vector field d/dth on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
sage: b[2]
Vector field d/dph on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2


The orthonormal frame constructed from the coordinate frame:

sage: change_frame = M.automorphism_field()
sage: change_frame[:] = [[1,0], [0, 1/sin(th)]]
sage: e = b.new_frame(change_frame, 'e') ; e
Vector frame (S^2, (e_1,e_2))
sage: e[1][:]
[1, 0]
sage: e[2][:]
[0, 1/sin(th)]


The change-of-frame automorphisms and their matrices:

sage: M.change_of_frame(c_spher.frame(), e)
Field of tangent-space automorphisms on the 2-dimensional
differentiable manifold S^2
sage: M.change_of_frame(c_spher.frame(), e)[:]
[        1         0]
[        0 1/sin(th)]
sage: M.change_of_frame(e, c_spher.frame())
Field of tangent-space automorphisms on the 2-dimensional
differentiable manifold S^2
sage: M.change_of_frame(e, c_spher.frame())[:]
[      1       0]
[      0 sin(th)]

class sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorframe.CoFrame(frame, symbol, latex_symbol=None)

Coframe on a differentiable manifold.

By coframe, it is meant a field $$f$$ on some differentiable manifold $$U$$ endowed with a differentiable map $$\Phi: U \rightarrow M$$ to a differentiable manifold $$M$$ such that for each $$p\in U$$, $$f(p)$$ is a basis of the vector space $$T^*_{\Phi(p)}M$$ (the dual to the tangent space $$T_{\Phi(p)}M$$).

The standard case of a coframe on $$U$$ corresponds to $$U = M$$ and $$\Phi = \mathrm{Id}_M$$. Other common cases are $$\Phi$$ being an immersion and $$\Phi$$ being a curve in $$M$$ ($$U$$ is then an open interval of $$\RR$$).

INPUT:

• frame – the vector frame dual to the coframe
• symbol – a letter (of a few letters) to denote a generic 1-form in the coframe
• latex_symbol – (default: None) symbol to denote a generic 1-form in the coframe; if None, the value of symbol is used

EXAMPLES:

Coframe on a 3-dimensional manifold:

sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', start_index=1)
sage: c_xyz.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
sage: v = M.vector_frame('v')
sage: from sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorframe import CoFrame
sage: e = CoFrame(v, 'e') ; e
Coframe (M, (e^1,e^2,e^3))


Instead of importing CoFrame in the global namespace, the coframe can be obtained by means of the method dual_basis(); the symbol is then the same as that of the frame:

sage: a = v.dual_basis() ; a
Coframe (M, (v^1,v^2,v^3))
sage: a[1] == e[1]
True
sage: a[1] is e[1]
False
sage: e[1].display(v)
e^1 = v^1


The 1-forms composing the coframe are obtained via the operator []:

sage: e[1], e[2], e[3]
(1-form e^1 on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
1-form e^2 on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
1-form e^3 on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M)


Checking that $$e$$ is the dual of $$v$$:

sage: e[1](v[1]).expr(), e[1](v[2]).expr(), e[1](v[3]).expr()
(1, 0, 0)
sage: e[2](v[1]).expr(), e[2](v[2]).expr(), e[2](v[3]).expr()
(0, 1, 0)
sage: e[3](v[1]).expr(), e[3](v[2]).expr(), e[3](v[3]).expr()
(0, 0, 1)

at(point)

Return the value of self at a given point on the manifold, this value being a basis of the dual of the tangent space at the point.

INPUT:

OUTPUT:

• FreeModuleCoBasis representing the basis $$f(p)$$ of the vector space $$T^*_{\Phi(p)} M$$, dual to the tangent space $$T_{\Phi(p)} M$$, where $$\Phi: U \to M$$ is the differentiable map associated with $$f$$ (possibly $$\Phi = \mathrm{Id}_U$$)

EXAMPLES:

Cobasis of a tangent space on a 2-dimensional manifold:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: p = M.point((-1,2), name='p')
sage: f = X.coframe() ; f
Coordinate coframe (M, (dx,dy))
sage: fp = f.at(p) ; fp
Dual basis (dx,dy) on the Tangent space at Point p on the
2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: type(fp)
<class 'sage.tensor.modules.free_module_basis.FreeModuleCoBasis'>
sage: fp[0]
Linear form dx on the Tangent space at Point p on the 2-dimensional
differentiable manifold M
sage: fp[1]
Linear form dy on the Tangent space at Point p on the 2-dimensional
differentiable manifold M
sage: fp is X.frame().at(p).dual_basis()
True

class sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorframe.CoordCoFrame(coord_frame)

Coordinate coframe on a differentiable manifold.

By coordinate coframe, it is meant the $$n$$-tuple of the differentials of the coordinates of some chart on the manifold, with $$n$$ being the manifold’s dimension.

INPUT:

• coord_frame – coordinate frame dual to the coordinate coframe

EXAMPLES:

Coordinate coframe on a 3-dimensional manifold:

sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', start_index=1)
sage: c_xyz.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
sage: M.frames()
[Coordinate frame (M, (d/dx,d/dy,d/dz))]
sage: M.coframes()
[Coordinate coframe (M, (dx,dy,dz))]
sage: dX = M.coframes()[0] ; dX
Coordinate coframe (M, (dx,dy,dz))


The 1-forms composing the coframe are obtained via the operator []:

sage: dX[1]
1-form dx on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: dX[2]
1-form dy on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: dX[3]
1-form dz on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: dX[1][:]
[1, 0, 0]
sage: dX[2][:]
[0, 1, 0]
sage: dX[3][:]
[0, 0, 1]


The coframe is the dual of the coordinate frame:

sage: e = c_xyz.frame() ; e
Coordinate frame (M, (d/dx,d/dy,d/dz))
sage: dX[1](e[1]).expr(), dX[1](e[2]).expr(), dX[1](e[3]).expr()
(1, 0, 0)
sage: dX[2](e[1]).expr(), dX[2](e[2]).expr(), dX[2](e[3]).expr()
(0, 1, 0)
sage: dX[3](e[1]).expr(), dX[3](e[2]).expr(), dX[3](e[3]).expr()
(0, 0, 1)


Each 1-form of a coordinate coframe is closed:

sage: dX[1].exterior_derivative()
2-form ddx on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: dX[1].exterior_derivative() == 0
True

class sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorframe.CoordFrame(chart)

Coordinate frame on a differentiable manifold.

By coordinate frame, it is meant a vector frame on a differentiable manifold $$M$$ that is associated to a coordinate chart on $$M$$.

INPUT:

• chart – the chart defining the coordinates

EXAMPLES:

The coordinate frame associated to spherical coordinates of the sphere $$S^2$$:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'S^2', start_index=1)  # Part of S^2 covered by spherical coord.
sage: M.chart(r'th:[0,pi]:\theta ph:[0,2*pi):\phi')
Chart (S^2, (th, ph))
sage: b = M.default_frame()
sage: b
Coordinate frame (S^2, (d/dth,d/dph))
sage: b[1]
Vector field d/dth on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
sage: b[2]
Vector field d/dph on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
sage: latex(b)
\left(S^2, \left(\frac{\partial}{\partial {\theta} },\frac{\partial}{\partial {\phi} }\right)\right)

chart()

Return the chart defining this coordinate frame.

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: e = X.frame()
sage: e.chart()
Chart (M, (x, y))
sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={X: x>0})
sage: e.restrict(U).chart()
Chart (U, (x, y))

structure_coeff()

Return the structure coefficients associated to self.

$$n$$ being the manifold’s dimension, the structure coefficients of the frame $$(e_i)$$ are the $$n^3$$ scalar fields $$C^k_{\ \, ij}$$ defined by

$[e_i, e_j] = C^k_{\ \, ij} e_k.$

In the present case, since $$(e_i)$$ is a coordinate frame, $$C^k_{\ \, ij}=0$$.

OUTPUT:

• the structure coefficients $$C^k_{\ \, ij}$$, as a vanishing instance of CompWithSym with 3 indices ordered as $$(k,i,j)$$

EXAMPLES:

Structure coefficients of the coordinate frame associated to spherical coordinates in the Euclidean space $$\RR^3$$:

sage: M = Manifold(3, 'R^3', r'\RR^3', start_index=1)  # Part of R^3 covered by spherical coord.
sage: c_spher = M.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) th:(0,pi):\theta ph:(0,2*pi):\phi')
sage: b = M.default_frame() ; b
Coordinate frame (R^3, (d/dr,d/dth,d/dph))
sage: c = b.structure_coeff() ; c
3-indices components w.r.t. Coordinate frame
(R^3, (d/dr,d/dth,d/dph)), with antisymmetry on the index
positions (1, 2)
sage: c == 0
True

class sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorframe.VectorFrame(vector_field_module, symbol, latex_symbol=None, from_frame=None)

Vector frame on a differentiable manifold.

By vector frame, it is meant a field $$e$$ on some differentiable manifold $$U$$ endowed with a differentiable map $$\Phi: U\rightarrow M$$ to a differentiable manifold $$M$$ such that for each $$p\in U$$, $$e(p)$$ is a vector basis of the tangent space $$T_{\Phi(p)}M$$.

The standard case of a vector frame on $$U$$ corresponds to $$U=M$$ and $$\Phi = \mathrm{Id}_M$$. Other common cases are $$\Phi$$ being an immersion and $$\Phi$$ being a curve in $$M$$ ($$U$$ is then an open interval of $$\RR$$).

For each instanciation of a vector frame, a coframe is automatically created, as an instance of the class CoFrame. It is returned by the method coframe().

INPUT:

• vector_field_module – free module $$\mathcal{X}(U, \Phi)$$ of vector fields along $$U$$ with values on $$M \supset \Phi(U)$$
• symbol – a letter (of a few letters) to denote a generic vector of the frame; can be set to None if the parameter from_frame is filled
• latex_symbol – (default: None) symbol to denote a generic vector of the frame; if None, the value of symbol is used
• from_frame – (default: None) vector frame $$\tilde e$$ on the codomain $$M$$ of the destination map $$\Phi$$; the constructed frame $$e$$ is then such that $$\forall p \in U, e(p) = \tilde{e}(\Phi(p))$$

EXAMPLES:

Setting a vector frame on a 3-dimensional manifold:

sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
sage: c_xyz.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
sage: e = M.vector_frame('e') ; e
Vector frame (M, (e_0,e_1,e_2))
sage: latex(e)
\left(M, \left(e_0,e_1,e_2\right)\right)


The LaTeX symbol can be specified:

sage: e = M.vector_frame('E', r"\epsilon")
sage: latex(e)
\left(M, \left(\epsilon_0,\epsilon_1,\epsilon_2\right)\right)


Example with a non-trivial map $$\Phi$$; a vector frame along a curve:

sage: U = Manifold(1, 'U')  # open interval (-1,1) as a 1-dimensional manifold
sage: T.<t> = U.chart('t:(-1,1)')  # canonical chart on U
sage: Phi = U.diff_map(M, [cos(t), sin(t), t], name='Phi',
....:                  latex_name=r'\Phi')
sage: Phi
Differentiable map Phi from the 1-dimensional differentiable manifold U
to the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: f = U.vector_frame('f', dest_map=Phi) ; f
Vector frame (U, (f_0,f_1,f_2)) with values on the 3-dimensional
differentiable manifold M
sage: f.domain()
1-dimensional differentiable manifold U
sage: f.ambient_domain()
3-dimensional differentiable manifold M


The value of the vector frame at a given point is a basis of the corresponding tangent space:

sage: p = U((0,), name='p') ; p
Point p on the 1-dimensional differentiable manifold U
sage: f.at(p)
Basis (f_0,f_1,f_2) on the Tangent space at Point Phi(p) on the
3-dimensional differentiable manifold M


Vector frames are bases of free modules formed by vector fields:

sage: e.module()
Free module X(M) of vector fields on the 3-dimensional differentiable
manifold M
sage: e.module().base_ring()
Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on the 3-dimensional
differentiable manifold M
sage: e.module() is M.vector_field_module()
True
sage: e in M.vector_field_module().bases()
True

sage: f.module()
Free module X(U,Phi) of vector fields along the 1-dimensional
differentiable manifold U mapped into the 3-dimensional differentiable
manifold M
sage: f.module().base_ring()
Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on the 1-dimensional
differentiable manifold U
sage: f.module() is U.vector_field_module(dest_map=Phi)
True
sage: f in U.vector_field_module(dest_map=Phi).bases()
True

along(mapping)

Return the vector frame deduced from the current frame via a differentiable map, the codomain of which is included in the domain of of the current frame.

If $$e$$ is the current vector frame, $$V$$ its domain and if $$\Phi: U \rightarrow V$$ is a differentiable map from some differentiable manifold $$U$$ to $$V$$, the returned object is a vector frame $$\tilde e$$ along $$U$$ with values on $$V$$ such that

$\forall p \in U,\ \tilde e(p) = e(\Phi(p)).$

INPUT:

• mapping – differentiable map $$\Phi: U \rightarrow V$$

OUTPUT:

• vector frame $$\tilde e$$ along $$U$$ defined above.

EXAMPLES:

Vector frame along a curve:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: R = Manifold(1, 'R')  # R as a 1-dimensional manifold
sage: T.<t> = R.chart()  # canonical chart on R
sage: Phi = R.diff_map(M, {(T,X): [cos(t), t]}, name='Phi',
....:                  latex_name=r'\Phi') ; Phi
Differentiable map Phi from the 1-dimensional differentiable
manifold R to the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: e = X.frame() ; e
Coordinate frame (M, (d/dx,d/dy))
sage: te = e.along(Phi) ; te
Vector frame (R, (d/dx,d/dy)) with values on the 2-dimensional
differentiable manifold M


Check of the formula $$\tilde e(p) = e(\Phi(p))$$:

sage: p = R((pi,)) ; p
Point on the 1-dimensional differentiable manifold R
sage: te[0].at(p) == e[0].at(Phi(p))
True
sage: te[1].at(p) == e[1].at(Phi(p))
True


The result is cached:

sage: te is e.along(Phi)
True

ambient_domain()

Return the differentiable manifold in which self takes its values.

The ambient domain is the codomain $$M$$ of the differentiable map $$\Phi: U \rightarrow M$$ associated with the frame.

OUTPUT:

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
sage: e = M.vector_frame('e')
sage: e.ambient_domain()
2-dimensional differentiable manifold M


In the present case, since $$\Phi$$ is the identity map:

sage: e.ambient_domain() == e.domain()
True


An example with a non trivial map $$\Phi$$:

sage: U = Manifold(1, 'U')
sage: T.<t> = U.chart()
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: Phi = U.diff_map(M, {(T,X): [cos(t), t]}, name='Phi',
....:                  latex_name=r'\Phi') ; Phi
Differentiable map Phi from the 1-dimensional differentiable
manifold U to the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: f = U.vector_frame('f', dest_map=Phi); f
Vector frame (U, (f_0,f_1)) with values on the 2-dimensional
differentiable manifold M
sage: f.ambient_domain()
2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: f.domain()
1-dimensional differentiable manifold U

at(point)

Return the value of self at a given point, this value being a basis of the tangent vector space at the point.

INPUT:

OUTPUT:

• FreeModuleBasis representing the basis $$e(p)$$ of the tangent vector space $$T_{\Phi(p)} M$$, where $$\Phi: U \to M$$ is the differentiable map associated with $$e$$ (possibly $$\Phi = \mathrm{Id}_U$$)

EXAMPLES:

Basis of a tangent space to a 2-dimensional manifold:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: p = M.point((-1,2), name='p')
sage: e = X.frame() ; e
Coordinate frame (M, (d/dx,d/dy))
sage: ep = e.at(p) ; ep
Basis (d/dx,d/dy) on the Tangent space at Point p on the
2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: type(ep)
<class 'sage.tensor.modules.free_module_basis.FreeModuleBasis'>
sage: ep[0]
Tangent vector d/dx at Point p on the 2-dimensional differentiable
manifold M
sage: ep[1]
Tangent vector d/dy at Point p on the 2-dimensional differentiable
manifold M


Note that the symbols used to denote the vectors are same as those for the vector fields of the frame. At this stage, ep is the unique basis on the tangent space at p:

sage: Tp = M.tangent_space(p)
sage: Tp.bases()
[Basis (d/dx,d/dy) on the Tangent space at Point p on the
2-dimensional differentiable manifold M]


Let us consider a vector frame that is a not a coordinate one:

sage: aut = M.automorphism_field()
sage: aut[:] = [[1+y^2, 0], [0, 2]]
sage: f = e.new_frame(aut, 'f') ; f
Vector frame (M, (f_0,f_1))
sage: fp = f.at(p) ; fp
Basis (f_0,f_1) on the Tangent space at Point p on the
2-dimensional differentiable manifold M


There are now two bases on the tangent space:

sage: Tp.bases()
[Basis (d/dx,d/dy) on the Tangent space at Point p on the
2-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
Basis (f_0,f_1) on the Tangent space at Point p on the
2-dimensional differentiable manifold M]


Moreover, the changes of bases in the tangent space have been computed from the known relation between the frames e and f (field of automorphisms aut defined above):

sage: Tp.change_of_basis(ep, fp)
Automorphism of the Tangent space at Point p on the 2-dimensional
differentiable manifold M
sage: Tp.change_of_basis(ep, fp).display()
5 d/dx*dx + 2 d/dy*dy
sage: Tp.change_of_basis(fp, ep)
Automorphism of the Tangent space at Point p on the 2-dimensional
differentiable manifold M
sage: Tp.change_of_basis(fp, ep).display()
1/5 d/dx*dx + 1/2 d/dy*dy


The dual bases:

sage: e.coframe()
Coordinate coframe (M, (dx,dy))
sage: ep.dual_basis()
Dual basis (dx,dy) on the Tangent space at Point p on the
2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: ep.dual_basis() is e.coframe().at(p)
True
sage: f.coframe()
Coframe (M, (f^0,f^1))
sage: fp.dual_basis()
Dual basis (f^0,f^1) on the Tangent space at Point p on the
2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: fp.dual_basis() is f.coframe().at(p)
True

coframe()

Return the coframe of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
sage: e = M.vector_frame('e')
sage: e.coframe()
Coframe (M, (e^0,e^1))
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: X.frame().coframe()
Coordinate coframe (M, (dx,dy))

destination_map()

Return the differential map associated to this vector frame.

Let $$e$$ denote the vector frame; the differential map associated to it is the map $$\Phi: U\rightarrow M$$ such that for each $$p \in U$$, $$e(p)$$ is a vector basis of the tangent space $$T_{\Phi(p)}M$$.

OUTPUT:

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
sage: e = M.vector_frame('e')
sage: e.destination_map()
Identity map Id_M of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M


An example with a non trivial map $$\Phi$$:

sage: U = Manifold(1, 'U')
sage: T.<t> = U.chart()
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: Phi = U.diff_map(M, {(T,X): [cos(t), t]}, name='Phi',
....:                  latex_name=r'\Phi') ; Phi
Differentiable map Phi from the 1-dimensional differentiable
manifold U to the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: f = U.vector_frame('f', dest_map=Phi); f
Vector frame (U, (f_0,f_1)) with values on the 2-dimensional
differentiable manifold M
sage: f.destination_map()
Differentiable map Phi from the 1-dimensional differentiable
manifold U to the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M

domain()

Return the domain on which self is defined.

OUTPUT:

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
sage: e = M.vector_frame('e')
sage: e.domain()
2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
sage: f = e.restrict(U)
sage: f.domain()
Open subset U of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M

new_frame(change_of_frame, symbol, latex_symbol=None)

Define a new vector frame from self.

The new vector frame is defined from a field of tangent-space automorphisms; its domain is the same as that of the current frame.

INPUT:

• change_of_frameAutomorphismFieldParal; the field of tangent space automorphisms $$P$$ that relates the current frame $$(e_i)$$ to the new frame $$(n_i)$$ according to $$n_i = P(e_i)$$
• symbol – a letter (of a few letters) to denote a generic vector of the frame
• latex_symbol – (default: None) symbol to denote a generic vector of the frame; if None, the value of symbol is used

OUTPUT:

EXAMPLES:

Frame resulting from a $$\pi/3$$-rotation in the Euclidean plane:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2')
sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: e = M.vector_frame('e') ; M.set_default_frame(e)
sage: M._frame_changes
{}
sage: rot = M.automorphism_field()
sage: rot[:] = [[sqrt(3)/2, -1/2], [1/2, sqrt(3)/2]]
sage: n = e.new_frame(rot, 'n')
sage: n[0][:]
[1/2*sqrt(3), 1/2]
sage: n[1][:]
[-1/2, 1/2*sqrt(3)]
sage: a =  M.change_of_frame(e,n)
sage: a[:]
[1/2*sqrt(3)        -1/2]
[        1/2 1/2*sqrt(3)]
sage: a == rot
True
sage: a is rot
False
sage: a._components # random (dictionary output)
{Vector frame (R^2, (e_0,e_1)): 2-indices components w.r.t.
Vector frame (R^2, (e_0,e_1)),
Vector frame (R^2, (n_0,n_1)): 2-indices components w.r.t.
Vector frame (R^2, (n_0,n_1))}
sage: a.comp(n)[:]
[1/2*sqrt(3)        -1/2]
[        1/2 1/2*sqrt(3)]
sage: a1 = M.change_of_frame(n,e)
sage: a1[:]
[1/2*sqrt(3)         1/2]
[       -1/2 1/2*sqrt(3)]
sage: a1 == rot.inverse()
True
sage: a1 is rot.inverse()
False
sage: e[0].comp(n)[:]
[1/2*sqrt(3), -1/2]
sage: e[1].comp(n)[:]
[1/2, 1/2*sqrt(3)]

restrict(subdomain)

Return the restriction of self to some open subset of its domain.

If the restriction has not been defined yet, it is constructed here.

INPUT:

• subdomain – open subset $$V$$ of the current frame domain $$U$$

OUTPUT:

EXAMPLES:

Restriction of a frame defined on $$\RR^2$$ to the unit disk:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', start_index=1)
sage: c_cart.<x,y> = M.chart() # Cartesian coordinates on R^2
sage: a = M.automorphism_field()
sage: a[:] = [[1-y^2,0], [1+x^2, 2]]
sage: e = c_cart.frame().new_frame(a, 'e') ; e
Vector frame (R^2, (e_1,e_2))
sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={c_cart: x^2+y^2<1})
sage: e_U = e.restrict(U) ; e_U
Vector frame (U, (e_1,e_2))


The vectors of the restriction have the same symbols as those of the original frame:

sage: e_U[1].display()
e_1 = (-y^2 + 1) d/dx + (x^2 + 1) d/dy
sage: e_U[2].display()
e_2 = 2 d/dy


They are actually the restrictions of the original frame vectors:

sage: e_U[1] is e[1].restrict(U)
True
sage: e_U[2] is e[2].restrict(U)
True

structure_coeff()

Evaluate the structure coefficients associated to self.

$$n$$ being the manifold’s dimension, the structure coefficients of the vector frame $$(e_i)$$ are the $$n^3$$ scalar fields $$C^k_{\ \, ij}$$ defined by

$[e_i, e_j] = C^k_{\ \, ij} e_k$

OUTPUT:

• the structure coefficients $$C^k_{\ \, ij}$$, as an instance of CompWithSym with 3 indices ordered as $$(k,i,j)$$.

EXAMPLE:

Structure coefficients of the orthonormal frame associated to spherical coordinates in the Euclidean space $$\RR^3$$:

sage: M = Manifold(3, 'R^3', '\RR^3', start_index=1)  # Part of R^3 covered by spherical coordinates
sage: c_spher.<r,th,ph> = M.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) th:(0,pi):\theta ph:(0,2*pi):\phi')
sage: ch_frame = M.automorphism_field()
sage: ch_frame[1,1], ch_frame[2,2], ch_frame[3,3] = 1, 1/r, 1/(r*sin(th))
sage: M.frames()
[Coordinate frame (R^3, (d/dr,d/dth,d/dph))]
sage: e = c_spher.frame().new_frame(ch_frame, 'e')
sage: e[1][:]  # components of e_1 in the manifold's default frame (d/dr, d/dth, d/dth)
[1, 0, 0]
sage: e[2][:]
[0, 1/r, 0]
sage: e[3][:]
[0, 0, 1/(r*sin(th))]
sage: c = e.structure_coeff() ; c
3-indices components w.r.t. Vector frame (R^3, (e_1,e_2,e_3)), with
antisymmetry on the index positions (1, 2)
sage: c[:]
[[[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]],
[[0, -1/r, 0], [1/r, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]],
[[0, 0, -1/r], [0, 0, -cos(th)/(r*sin(th))], [1/r, cos(th)/(r*sin(th)), 0]]]
sage: c[2,1,2]  # C^2_{12}
-1/r
sage: c[3,1,3]  # C^3_{13}
-1/r
sage: c[3,2,3]  # C^3_{23}
-cos(th)/(r*sin(th))